The subject of the study is the green economy as a socio-economic phenomenon. The objectives of the work are to substantiate the phenomenon of “green economy” as a new way of life for people, implying their respectful and careful attitude to nature, and to develop proposals for the transition from understanding the green economy from a single knowledge inherent in individual individuals to a mass awareness of this phenomenon. It is demonstrated that the scientific literature to date has been dominated by opinions according to which the green economy is a tool for solving private (sectoral) issues, as evidenced by the synonymy of its names: “low-carbon”, “circular”, “blue (blue)” economy, etc. The hypothesis of a worldview approach to the green economy is proposed, according to which the understanding of the green economy should be reduced to “greening” (permeating) all economic and production-technological actions of people with a respectful and careful attitude to nature. An integral part of this process should be the “greening” of moral and ethical relations between people in the process of their interaction with nature. Based on the data on the opinion of the population about living conditions in settlements, it is shown that there is a need to form the concept of a new socio-architectural settlement civilization. A proposal is made on the need to move from a state of social experiment in the implementation of the green economy to its full transformation into a new way of life for people. It is concluded that the movement towards a green economy as a new way of life will cover several generations of people. However, you should start now.

The subject of the study is the problems and prospects for the development of green finance, which provides funds for achieving Sustainable Development Goals. The objectives of the work are to assess the level of development and structure of green finance, as well as to identify factors determining its development taking into account the latest trends in the global economy. The article analyzes the state and trends in the development of the green finance market, identifies obstacles to the development of green financial instruments and suggests ways to solve these problems, identifies the features of the development of sustainable financing in Russia. The study used the concept of sustainable development and a problem-oriented approach to green financing. Analytical work was carried out using methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison and grouping, economic analysis and modeling. The results of the study showed that the interest in green financing instruments is due to the need of society for sustainable development and preservation of the environment, which requires strengthening the requirements for accountability of green financial instruments, stricter control by regulatory authorities and reliable disclosure of information supported by more accurate data. Conclusions are drawn about the need to stimulate the use of various instruments of green finance, the development of a legal framework in the field of sustainable development, which will ensure the harmonization of green finance policies and standards not only at the national but also at the global level.

The sanctions restrictions imposed by the United States and other unfriendly countries on the Russian Federation permanently acquired a large-scale character starting in 2014, especially from 2022. The purpose of sanctions is to weaken the state through destructive impact on the country’s economy by various illegal means. The subject of the study is the measures taken by the state aimed at adapting the economy to sanctions restrictions, in particular, including tax regulation tools. The objectives of the work are to assess the effectiveness of the anti — sanctions measures taken in terms of tax policy and to determine the directions for their improvement. It is established that as a result of a number of decisions taken under stressful conditions, the result they were aimed at has not been fully achieved, in particular from the regulation of the exchange rate difference as a component of the tax base. Additional opportunities have been identified to support taxpayers in difficult economic conditions through the use of existing instruments in terms of, for example, VAT regulation in cross-border transactions or the use of additional funds to minimize losses caused by sanctions, as well as through the use of methods to solve new tasks to ensure tax revenues to the budgets of the budgetary system without increasing the tax burden on priority production. The measures of tax control over the use of tax breaks to prevent tax evasion in full are determined, conclusions are drawn that, despite the indirect nature of the impact of tax measures on business activity, they are able, together with other financial instruments, not only to support business activity, but also to develop it.

The relevance of the study is due to the influence of the fourth energy transition on the amount of income of the Russian budget system, as well as on the amount of income of Russian gas and oil producers, whose activities directly affect the development of a number of regions of Russia. The subject of the study is the process of the fourth energy transition of the EU economies. The objectives of the work are to define the concept of “energy transition”, identify the prerequisites for the fourth energy transition, consider the main barriers that have slowed down the fourth energy transition in the EU, and the formed ways to overcome these barriers. As a result of the study, a compromise definition of the energy transition between the approaches of V. Smil and Zh-B. was formulated. Espresso as an extremely time-stretched process of “creeping” replacement of energy sources. The reasons for the imbalance of the EU energy system as the main barrier to the fourth energy transition are revealed. Emphasis is placed on the role of the principles of sustainable development in the process of excessive acceleration of the fourth energy transition of the EU economies, as well as on the importance of weather factors in determining the fallacy of this decision. The role of Russia in ensuring an accelerated painless transition of European countries to green energy generation sources has been established. The two-stage EU plan for the implementation of the fourth energy transition in the context of sanctions pressure on Russia is described. Conclusions are drawn that against the background of the ongoing fourth energy transition of Russia, it is necessary to increase domestic consumption of hydrocarbons as a result of the development of the national economy, as well as to increase cooperation with the countries of the East.

The subject of the study is the development of the green bond market after the start of a special military operation.

The relevance of this article is due to the objective need to find opportunities to smooth out the negative effects of international sanctions on the green bond market, including through the use of special measures of state support and stimulation of the market for a period of at least adaptation to new conditions of existence.

The purpose of the work is to search and evaluate opportunities for the development of the Russian green bond market in the conditions of economic war with the collective West and partial external isolation of the Russian economy. To achieve it, measures are justified to support the Russian green bond market for the period of structural transformation of the Russian economy and the creation of a new financial infrastructure with the external sector.

As a result of the application of methods of analysis and synthesis, systematization, classification and categorization of information, it was revealed that out of 46 stock exchanges around the world on which green bonds are traded, only 12 exchanges are located on the territory of friendly countries. After the Russian market was cut off from the external sector, Russian issuers no longer have the opportunity to use the services of international consulting companies in the field of evaluation, verification, audit, etc., which significantly complicates access to any foreign capital markets. Conclusions are drawn that additional measures of state support of the Russian green bond market are necessary for the transition period. Substantial efforts are required to restore a positive investment climate in the Russian financial market, in which the central role belongs to the state through the use of the reserves of the NWF and the conduct of an appropriate information campaign, which will smooth out the severity of the problems of the transition period.

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that currently one of the trends is the introduction of ESG principles in the business models of corporations in both the financial and non-financial sectors of the economy. Business adaptation to the principles of environmental (E), social (S) and corporate (G) responsibility, i.e. ESG-transformation, is focused on the formation of a responsible attitude of organizations to the preservation and protection of the environment; increasing their social responsibility; high-quality corporate governance. The ESG criteria serve as the basis for compiling various ratings. The participation of businesses in ESG ratings only confirms their commitment to the concept of sustainable development and is very important because it increases their reputation and image. The subject of the study is the process of ESG transformation of Russian companies. The purpose of the work is to study the ESG approach to the activities of Russian companies. The sources of information were publications of Russian and foreign scientists in the field of ESG, analytical materials of various rating agencies. Within the framework of the study, the main directions of ESG transformation of the world economy and priority industries for ensuring sustainable development of the Russian economy are considered; the content of ESG factors is disclosed; the analysis of the positions of Russian companies in ESG ratings is carried out. It is concluded that the implementation of ESG principles by companies in the Russian Federation is at an initial stage. 

The subject of the study is the state of welfare of the Russian population in the conditions of interaction between nature and society. The purpose of the work is to estimate the size of Russia’s true savings through one of the alternative GDP instruments in the form of the size of true savings, which amounted to 18.5% of the gross national income of the Russian Federation for the period 2000–2018. A significant discrepancy between the author’s estimates of true savings obtained and the estimates of the World Bank performed annually for a number of countries, including Russia, has been revealed, and possible causes of inconsistencies have been identified. It was found that in the period under study, the level of true savings in Russia remained positive, which indicates that the economic (optimal) limit of growth has not yet been reached and the current economic development of Russia meets the requirements of resistance to climatic influences, and the level of well-being of the country’s population as a whole is acceptable. At the same time, the heterogeneity of true savings in the context of territories deserves attention, since the resource-surplus regions of Russia are leaders in traditional economic indicators, but outsiders in indicators of sustainable development and the true well-being of the population. Conclusions are drawn that the World Bank’s methodology for assessing the damage caused by humanity to the natural environment does not ensure the correctness of cross-country comparisons in the main directions of economic development, and also blocks the possibility of scaling estimates to other levels of management.

The Russian Federation has developed a “horizontal” system of state (municipal) financial control bodies (GFC), characterized by the independence of control bodies at the federal, regional and municipal levels. A special place among the GFC bodies is occupied by the Federal Treasury, which, in addition to control functions, exercises the powers of the operator of the treasury payments system, provides treasury services and treasury support, and also implements budget monitoring in the treasury payments system. The subject of the study is the activity of the GFK bodies.The results of the control measures carried out by the control bodies indicate a significant number of violations committed by the objects of control. However, it is currently not possible to objectively assess the effectiveness of the activities of a particular GFC body, and even more so to give a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the functioning of different control bodies, due to the lack of unified approaches on this issue. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to develop approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the activities of GFC bodies. The analysis and systematization of the performance indicators used by the GFK bodies has been carried out. The concept of “GFC effectiveness” has been clarified. Special attention is paid in the article to the practice of control activities of key control bodies — the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation and the Federal Treasury. One of the results of the study was a proposal to change the goals of the GFC. In addition, taking into account the specified control objectives, the article proposes an author’s system of indicators for evaluating the performance of the GFC as a whole, specific bodies and officials of control bodies separately, which will make it possible to assess the degree of effectiveness of the GFC bodies in our country. Also, the article proposes a new term — “treasury control”, which includes the tools of treasury services and treasury support, as well as certain areas of control in the field of procurement.

The relevance of the study of the green economy in the context of strategic planning of socio-economic development of territories is due to the fact that it is this model of management that most closely corresponds to the global trend, which consists in emphasizing sustainable development, as well as the task of improving the quality of life of the population. The subject of the research of this article is the development of the green economy within the framework of the implementation of the strategy of socio — economic development of the territory on the example of the strategy of the Mostovsky district of the Krasnodar Territory. The aim of the work is to conceptualize the digital green economy as a recommended paradigm for the development of remote depressive territories with rich natural resources and sufficient social potential. It is established that the management model in the context of the implementation of the global agenda for sustainable development, decarbonization and the use of renewable resources should be not so much green, i.e. taking into account environmental constraints, as economical, based on profit, the balance of various resources and meeting the needs of economic agents. Reliance on modern digital technologies, which are both nature-saving and providing a deep level of technological conversion of products, is considered as the most important driver of the development of the green economy. It is proved that without the digital component, today’s green economy cannot function normally and is rolling back to the level of development of pre-industrial societies. Therefore, the possibilities of the digital economy are linked to the effect on the environment and the expected economic result. The conditions and factors determining the need for the implementation of a green economy model in the research area are determined, as a resource for the development of which a remote geographical location, as well as elements of natural resource potential are considered. The role of the potential of social groups of the population, primarily local entrepreneurs and downshifters, in the development of the green economy is shown. Conclusions are drawn about the need for multifaceted active state participation in the formation of a digital green economy, as well as that such a management model can become an effective recipe for overcoming the depressive state of remote rural areas with rich natural potential.

The subjects of the study are strategic plans for the socio-economic development of the regions of the North-Western Federal District (NWFD). The purpose of the work is to assess the ambitiousness of regional strategies to achieve the goals and objectives of the Sustainable Development Agenda in accordance with the UN General Assembly resolution adopted on September 25, 2015 (regarding the environmental component). The article discusses strategic plans for the socio-economic development of the regions of the Northwestern Federal District, in terms of the environmental component of sustainable development. A comparative analysis of the positions of the regions in the available rankings is carried out, highlighting the role of the ecological component. The goals and objectives formulated in regional socio-economic development strategies are analyzed and compared with the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The degree of compliance of regional goals and objectives with the Sustainable Development Goals has been revealed. The assessment of the financing of environmental programs from regional budgets is given. The conclusion is made about the low level of ambition of regional strategies in comparison with the Agenda in the field of sustainable development in terms of the environmental component. Environmental objectives in the formulation of regions only partially correspond to the essence of the SDGs. Substantially most of the environmental objectives of the SDGs are not reflected and disclosed in regional strategies, which, however, does not prevent the SDGs from being singled out separately in regional strategies, which are largely consonant with the current problems of regional development that require priority funding.

The subject of the study is the creation of a diversified industrial and technological system of enterprises in the Arctic regions of Russia, which is a very complex process that requires taking into account financial, environmental, and technological factors affecting entrepreneurial activity. This is important because a delay in the implementation of only one project, a change in its location, production capacity and something else other than the initial plan for the formation of the entire complex of enterprises can lead not only to lost profits on this project, but also to potential damage caused to the following enterprises in the production and technological chain before receiving the final result of their activities is the loading of the Northern Sea Route. The purpose of the work is to increase the effectiveness of risk management based on the assessment of the risk of negative events that may cause non — receipt of expected revenues for projects that are inextricably linked by production ties. The novelty of the study is to create a scale for assessing the probability of occurrence of negative events and the possible amount of lost profits to build a risk matrix of projects related to production chains. A variant of assessing the importance of projects to achieve the main result — ensuring the loading of the Northern Sea Route is given. An algorithm has been formed for calculating the risk matrix and, on this basis, assessing the priority of negative events for making management decisions to reduce the risk of violating the implementation plans of the planned plans. It is concluded that the approach chosen in the study can be adapted to any number of projects linked together by the goal. These calculations make it possible to apply the developed scheme for prioritizing the occurrence of negative events to reduce the risks of project implementation in poorly developed regions.

The subject of the study is the tax policy of the EU countries in relation to the green economy.

The aim of the work is to identify ways to combat global warming and environmental pollution through tax policy instruments until 2030.

The article establishes the structure of environmental taxes and fees, based on EU regulatory documents in the field of environmental policy. The strategy of the EU environmental policy called the “European Green Course” is considered as one of the directions of ensuring the sustainability of the economies of Western countries, which provides for the formation of a mechanism for taxation of carbon fuel consumers to compensate for climate damage caused by carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The analysis of the dynamics of the total volume of tax revenues in the EU for the period 2002–2020, including revenues from environmental and energy taxes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 and the achievement by European countries of climate neutrality by 2050, i.e. a balance when greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide or methane, correspond to their absorption from the atmosphere. The article establishes a connection between the minimum tax rates on fuel and its energy intensity or greenhouse gas emissions. Conclusions are drawn about the trends in the development of the EU green economy, as well as the tools for their implementation.

The subject of the study is the identification by the tax authorities of the dependence of the jurisdiction of the location of the parent companies of Russian organizations on the amount of additional charges for corporate income tax withheld at source in Russia, while controlling the actual right to income (FPA) of a foreign organization. The purpose of the work is to develop proposals for tax risk management in determining the FPA. The article, in conjunction with the analysis of the dynamics of foreign direct investment from Russia, analyzes information on changes in the amounts of corporate income tax paid when paying passive income to foreign recipients, as well as data on the amount of additional tax when monitoring the status of the FPA. As a result of the analysis of court decisions on the basis of the «geography» of the beneficial owners of income from the Russian source, the relationship between the jurisdiction of registration of parent companies of taxpayers and the average amount of additional corporate income tax due to non-compliance with the status of the FPA was established. It is concluded that in the overwhelming majority of tax disputes on the status of the FPA, foreign companies — recipients of income were recognized by the courts as conduit companies created to take advantage of registration in low-tax jurisdictions and abuse the provisions of international tax treaties. It was revealed that over the past seven years, the reason for the outflow of capital from the country was the desire of taxpayers to reduce the effective tax rate by withdrawing profits to low-tax jurisdictions, in which large firms prefer Singapore for structuring cash flows in most cases.

The problem of reducing carbon emissions and the mechanisms for its solution are in the focus of attention of the scientific community, specialists in energy-intensive industries and the leadership of relevant government agencies. The subject of the study is the application of a carbon tax to minimize carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The purpose of the work is to determine the prospects for the application of the carbon tax for Russian business and the state as a whole in the context of modern trends in the greening of the world economy. The article examines the current provisions of the mechanism for cross-border adjustment of carbon emissions of the European Union, summarizes the opinions of experts on the potential impact of this tool on the Russian economy. The ambiguous influence of the mechanism of cross-border adjustment of carbon emissions on the development prospects of countries with different income levels and possible measures to offset the negative consequences for countries with a low level of economic development are analyzed. The question of the impact of the carbon tax on the business of the importing countries of energy–intensive products is investigated. Conclusions are drawn about the need to stimulate the use of the latest developments in the field of eco-friendly planning, design and operation of energy-intensive industries, reducing the carbon footprint of manufactured products, and promising areas of cooperation between Russia and foreign partners in the field of protecting the rights of national producers of energy-intensive industries are identified.

The analysis of the current state of the balance of interests of the state and organizations in the field of achieving the goals set within the framework of the ESG strategy in the jurisdictions of economically developed countries is of urgent importance for the domestic practice of interaction between organizations and tax authorities to achieve sustainable development goals. It is especially important to assess the negative trends of abuse of the ESG agenda for aggressive tax planning. The subject of the study is the mechanisms of ESG activity of organizations in relation to the tax motivation for obtaining tax benefits. The purpose of the work is to put forward proposals to improve the effectiveness of detecting illegal tax optimization. It is concluded that there is a significant relationship between the declaration of ESG goals by organizations and the methods of aggressive tax planning used by them to extract unjustified tax benefits with an emphasis on environmental ESG aspects.

The conclusions made in the study are consistent with the results of the work of foreign scientists over the past five years. At the same time, there is a real prospect of confirming economic and statistical studies within the framework of the hypothesis put forward in the study for domestic organizations in terms of the tax benefits they receive from participating in ESG activity.

The subjects of the study are the economic and legal opportunities and risks of green mining of cryptocurrencies. The purpose of the work is to analyze the processes of organizing mining in the Russian Federation, the formation of a model of its legal regulation with an emphasis on the economic and legal possibilities of stimulating green mining, as well as the use of cryptocurrencies in cross — border operations under sanctions pressure.

The conclusion is made about the need for legal regulation of cryptocurrency mining, taking into account the analysis of the draft federal law on mining, as well as the fact that one of the promising areas of Russia’s economic development is the use of associated petroleum gas to generate electricity for data processing centers, the establishment of green mining in territories with preferential tax and customs regimes. It is proposed to take into account the features of white, gray and green mining when developing legislative decisions, as well as tax incentives for relevant activities.