The subject of the research is the role of the state in economics in the polar coordinate system «neoliberalism – dirigisme» with the allocation of its system–forming essence in the modern era. The purpose of the work is to prove the inadequacy of a deliberate ideologically determined approach to assessing the state in economics from the point of view of minimizing its importance and the doctrine of «intervention – non–interference», which generate intellectual constructions in economics, economic models and analytical recommendations that are out of touch with life. The methodology of this research consists of theories of the state in economics, «systemic economics» and a concept based on the attitude towards the state as the system-forming basis of modern development. The main result of the research is to establish that the modern agenda in economics requires a systematic review of the development process of the state, rejecting the use of inappropriate terms and models based on them when it intervenes or does not interfere in market relations. This substantiates the need to eliminate the opposition between the state and the market in order to overcome the most important methodological problem of economic knowledge and obtain the most adequate development models and management tools for the economy and society. It is concluded that the Wagner law partiallyconfirms the effect of the Russian economy, which describes the expansion of the public sector in a situation in which the ratio between its share and the optimal rate of GDP growth is not an unshakable pattern, as well as the orientation of economic policy towards its search or accounting.

The subject of the study is the execution of the federal budget in the first half of this year, as well as amendments to the Federal Budget law adopted in June 2025. The purpose and scientific novelty of the work is to identify the risks and causes of the imbalance of the federal budget, as well as to develop preventive measures to reduce and neutralize them. The relevance of the study was determined by the situation with the cash execution of the federal budget in the first half of 2025. and the nature of the June amendments to the budget law, which, according to the authors, testifies in favor of the continuation of the Government of the Russian Federation’s policy of budget dominance. At the same time, the dynamics of the main budget parameters began to increase in different directions: spending plans continue to increase in response to the current challenges of the Russian economy and national interests in general, and income expectations are officially revised towards more modest forecasts. It has been established that despite the growth of the budget deficit, its high resistance to various kinds of external shocks is still due to the low level of public debt and the availability of sovereign reserves. At the same time, the authors acknowledge that the risks of chronic budget imbalance are steadily increasing, which, given the continuing high geopolitical uncertainty and price volatility, requires the country’s financial leadership to adopt a more stringent spending policy that should be commensurate with the country’s revenue opportunities. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the main difficulties with «reducing» the budget should be expected not so much in 2025 as in subsequent years as the tax base continues to shrink, primarily in non-oil and gas revenues, as well as the gradual «eating away» of the liquid part of the national welfare fund and the build-up of domestic debt through the mechanism of «veiled» issue financing.

The subject of the study is the interaction of the banking system and government authorities in achieving the national development goals of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the work is to identify factors hindering the strengthening of the economy, ensuring financial sovereignty, import substitution, creating conditions conducive to industrial growth at a rate exceeding the global average, clarifying the role and responsibility of government authorities in achieving national development goals in cooperation with the Bank of Russia, as well as making proposals to resolve contradictions between credit and government organizations in strengthening economy and reduction of inflation. The analysis of empirical data provided by ROSTEC State Corporation, the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, the Center for Macroeconomic Analysis and Short-term Forecasting, Ministry of Economic Development, current and forecast data on Industry and agriculture in the Nizhny Novgorod region, with a grouping of production facilities based on their dependence on lending rates and government support, is carried out. The experience of the USA and Turkey in regulating inflation is considered. Proposals have been put forward to reduce inflation and strengthen the economy through financial and legal methods, as well as improving the system of cognitive training for students. It is concluded that the high inflation rate is due to the lag in the growth of production and supply of goods on the market from consumer demand, largely due to the high lending rate.

The purpose of the study is to analyze and determine the infrastructural role of state financial regulators in ensuring the development of the national payment system (hereinafter referred to as the NPS) in the context of digitalization. The object and subject of the study is the national payment system of Russia and the state financial instruments of its regulation. The research methodology was based on systemic, evolutionary and institutional approaches. As a result of the study, the main directions of evolution and improvement of regulation of the national payment system of Russia in order to ensure its development in the context of digitalization have been identified. Cross-border interaction has been analyzed when considering the infrastructural role of financial regulators and proposals have been developed for the development of NPS. The scientific novelty and significance of the research work carried out is to improve the regulatory aspects of the functioning of the NPS in the context of the digitalization of the economy. The results of the study can be useful for both specialized specialists and employees of regulatory and supervisory authorities.

The relevance of the work is due to the importance of tasks related to the creation of an effective organizational and financial mechanism to support sustainable development, taking into account the national interests of our country. The subject of the study is the activities of business entities in relation to the goals of sustainable development of Russian agglomerations and regions. The purpose of the work is to consider the national specifics of the development of a responsible business support system, identify effective incentive measures for companies that support the sustainable development of the regions where they operate. The successful initiatives of Russian companies and entrepreneurs focused on maintaining the sustainable development of territories are considered, and it is concluded that it is necessary to continue work on improving the unified methodology for assessing the contribution of business entities to the sustainable development of regions and the state.

The processes of fragmentation of the global economy, the growth of protectionism and geopolitical instability force companies to look for the most effective organizational forms of international cooperation. The subject of the research is joint ventures as one of the tools for increasing employment in the context of economic transformation. The purpose of the work is to identify promising foreign partners and strategically important areas for the creation of joint ventures in the context of modern trends in the development of the global economy. The historical aspects of the origin of the institution of joint entrepreneurship in Russia, the problems of its legal regulation and aspects of national security are considered. The importance of joint ventures for the border regions of Russia, in particular the Kaliningrad region, is analyzed. The cooperation within the framework of joint ventures with the Republic of Belarus as one of the key partners in the EAEU is studied. The main directions of the strategic partnership between the Russian Federation and China, which are of interest from the perspective of creating joint ventures, are presented. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop the institution of joint entrepreneurship in order to promote innovative development and increase the competitiveness of the regions and the country as a whole.

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that, taking into account the currently large-scale, comprehensive and irreversible digitalization of various spheres of life, including municipal economy, it is necessary to expand the conceptual framework of a smart city, since further emphasis on this concept can exacerbate the already significant imbalances between megacities and large cities, on the one hand, and other settlements., on the other hand. The subject is factors affecting the quality of life of the population of the periphery, taking into account which and the practical implementation of appropriate measures will allow us to talk about the development of smart territories. The purpose of the work is to analyze approaches to the design of the corresponding rating, substantiate the principles of its organization, and propose a system of indicators based on the conceptualization of the phenomenon of smart territories and highlighting their specifics in comparison with smart cities. The author shows the role and importance of the smart territory rating as an effective indirect management tool that can be a driver of profound transformations, and also identifies and classifies the following possible types of smart territories: urban agglomerations, smart regions, or spaces located in close proximity to a regional center or other large city. It is noted that at the first stage, «titular» municipal districts and districts can be considered as potential smart territories, first of all. The rating of smart territories is based on technocratic, human-centered, systemic, strategic and other traditional approaches to the interpretation and rating of smart cities. The analysis of foreign and Russian ratings of smart cities revealed comparable parameters. Based on the results of the study, the principles of forming a rating of smart territories were formulated – both general in comparison with smart cities, as well as specific, as well as auxiliary ones. In order to build a variant of the rating, 41 indicators were selected, belonging to eight groups, reflecting the basic conditions, the development of smart elements and systems in certain areas of the formation of smart territories in order to ensure national security, increase their economic and demographic potential.

The relevance of choosing small towns as a research object is due to the fact that improving the lives of their residents has been declared a strategic priority for the state. This issue is being implemented within the framework of the federal project «Creating a comfortable urban environment» of the national project «Infrastructure for Life». The subject of the study is the regional policy in the Russian Federation in relation to small towns in the existing model of fiscal federalism. The purpose of the work is to analyze the current problems of small towns as objects of regional policy in the context of fiscal federalism and to develop recommendations for their leveling. The research applied methods of systematization, analysis of the regulatory framework and dynamics of statistical indicators. In-depth expert interviews with key representatives of various spheres of management in small towns of the Russian Federation were used as an information base. As a result of the study, the problems of the development of small towns in the Russian Federation are actualized, descriptive statistics of individual indicators of small towns are calculated, the primary problem of small towns in the context of budgetary federalism is identified – the insufficiency of the revenue side of the local budget, promising areas of regional state policy in relation to small towns are identified within the framework of the existing model of budgetary federalism. The practical significance of the study lies in the developed recommendations for optimizing regional policy in relation to small towns, which can be used by the relevant authorities. The conclusion is made: taking into account the uneven distribution of small towns across the territory of the Russian Federation, their development will enhance the process of economic alignment of the regions.

The subject of the study is fiscal sustainability in the EAEU Economic Union. The purpose of the work is an analytical assessment of fiscal sustainability in the territory of the EAEU, determining the need for coordination of fiscal policy and proposing joint financial mechanisms to ensure it. In the course of the work, both general scientific and methods of economic and statistical analysis of fiscal and macroeconomic indicators that determine the sustainability of economic development were used. The practical purpose and scientific value of the research results is to identify problems of fiscal sustainability in the EAEU, identify integration fiscal risks and justify the use of financial stabilization mechanisms. The integration approach proposed by the author in ensuring fiscal stability implies using the advantages of a coordinating integration policy and the use of joint financial institutions on the territory of the EAEU. It is concluded that closer integration within the framework of financial cooperation and the creation of stabilization mechanisms is necessary to ensure fiscal stability and offset integration financial risks in the EAEU territory.

The relevance of the work is determined by the need to improve the Russian healthcare system in response to new internal and external challenges and threats to economic security. The subject of the study is the reform of the healthcare management system in China. The purpose of the work is to analyze China’s experience in modernizing the healthcare system in order to identify organizational and managerial measures that can be applied in government activities aimed at preserving, strengthening and restoring the health of the Russian population. The primary importance of early detection and prevention of diseases in modern medicine and the role of public authorities in managing these processes have been established. It is concluded that China has adopted a policy of further deepening reforms and modernizing the healthcare system, taking into account Chinese specifics, providing for the implementation of a development strategy focused on improving the public health system, integrating medical and preventive activities.; improving the system of monitoring and early warning of diseases, responding to emergency situations. The scientific novelty of the study and its difference from similar works lies in the established features of the reform of the healthcare management system in the PRC, in which public and private medical institutions operate effectively, operating under state control using low-cost management mechanisms and tools, combining traditional and modern methods of treatment.

The subject of the study is the system of taxation of legal entities and its impact on key financial indicators of economic activity, including net profit, return on sales and assets. The relevance of the work is determined by the need to find a balance between the fiscal interests of the state and the financial stability of the business. The aim of the work is to identify the structural relationships between the tax burden and the financial results of companies and to develop recommendations for optimizing the tax strategy while observing the «golden rule» of economics. The features of the application of preferential tax regimes and the risks associated with changes in tax legislation are considered. The analysis of the dynamics of the tax burden in various sectors of the economy, including a comparative assessment of the tax burden on businesses in the federal districts of Russia. The tax burden has been calculated through the net return on sales and assets. When calculating the tax burden, it is proposed to use the same method of recognizing revenue and tax liabilities through their accrual under the general taxation system. The high tax burden negatively affects the profitability of companies and reduces their investment attractiveness. An important aspect is the justification for tax optimization, not only to minimize tax liabilities, but also to use the released resources in the development, implementation of technologies and sustainability in the market. The conclusion is made about the impact of the growing tax burden on the reduction of net profit, return on assets and the critical importance of optimizing the tax strategy for sustainable development in the context of annually changing tax legislation.

The subject of the research is current measures of tax incentives for information technology (hereinafter referred to as IT) companies in an unstable economic situation and the transformation of the digital market in the Russian Federation. The relevance of the research is due to the need to integrate the IT industry into global technological processes and follow current trends. The aim of the work is to develop proposals to increase the investment attractiveness of this industry through fiscal support tools, to create a differentiated approach to tax benefits for specialized companies, depending on the scale and specialization of the IT business. As a result of the study, measures are presented to improve the system of tax incentives for IT sector entities in the Russian Federation, and it is necessary to develop a different tax regime for the industry that can offset the artificial restraint on the growth of medium-sized companies in order to preserve preferential preferences. It was noted that there is a need to introduce more flexible tax incentive mechanisms for technology companies to solve current problems in the industry, such as a shortage of qualified personnel, high administrative barriers to benefits, and an increase in budget revenue shortfalls. In order to modernize tax incentives to support businesses, adjustments to tax benefits discussed at the state level were considered. The authors conclude that there is a positive fiscal effect on the budget from the development and implementation of a special tax regime for income from intellectual property and the effectiveness of implementing tools to support small high-tech companies in order to promote the development of the IT industry.

The subject of discussion at the XVII International Symposium «Theory and Practice of Tax Reforms», held from June 29 to July 5, 2025 in Novosibirsk at the Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management, was the theoretical and practical aspects of countering tax evasion by legal entities and individuals. It was attended by 100 scientists representing tax schools of 40 universities from 22 cities of Russia, Belarus and Azerbaijan. The symposium was organized by Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management, Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Economic Strategies of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Belarusian State University of Economics, Fiscal Institute under the State Tax Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The purpose of the symposium is to discuss topical issues of tax system reform, develop new theoretical and methodological approaches to the theory and policy of taxation, as well as to form creative teams to conduct joint specialized research. The symposium included a plenary session, a round table, four thematic sections, and professional development activities for participants. The theoretical and practical aspects of countering tax evasion by legal entities and individuals in the context of increasing the effectiveness of tax policy are considered.

The rapid development of the digital financial assets market (hereinafter referred to as CFA) in the world requires their government regulation. The task is to study and identify the positive aspects in the experience of advanced countries in regulating the digital asset market, to consider Russian practice, its advantages and disadvantages. The subject of the research is the state regulation of the digital asset market in the countries of the world and Russia. The purpose of the work is to summarize the foreign experience of regulating the digital asset market and to determine the priorities of CFA regulation in Russia. In the course of the study, comparative analysis and a systematic approach, as well as other general scientific methods, were used. The source data base consists of federal laws and by-laws, including regulations of the Bank of Russia, and other statistical data. Regulatory practices in a number of developed countries have been studied. The experience of the European Union is reviewed, where legislative initiatives are being promoted to simplify cross-border expansion and mitigate regulatory arbitration, which will allow the EU to form the world’s largest digital asset market with maximum legal and regulatory clarity. As a result of the study, it was found that cryptocurrencies are not legal in all jurisdictions. One third of countries do not have digital assets and do not plan to regulate them, and half of all countries want to create individual regulation. It is noted that the Russian law regulating digital financial assets, which recently came into force, imposes significant restrictions on the use of CFAs with simultaneous prospects for their use for those who are in the register of the Bank of Russia. The conclusion is drawn: the active development of the digital asset market requires new approaches to ensuring digital security and reducing risks from the introduction of new legal norms, more advanced government regulation that would take into account the experience of advanced countries of the world.

The subject of the research is the causes, prerequisites and the state of regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) in multilateral formats. The aim of the work is to identify approaches to AI regulation at the multilateral level and analyze the current status of the regulatory process. The relevance is due to the rapid development of AI technologies and the various risks associated with this process. The research methodology includes the use of general scientific methods, namely statistical and expert assessments, analysis of empirical data, classification, structuring and systematization of objects. As a result of the research, the level of the global AI technology market has been determined, and conceptual approaches to multilateral regulation in various structures have been identified. The main directions of AI regulation within the framework of international organizations (UN, OECD, Council of Europe, and WTO), the EU and non-integration type associations, as well as informal discussion clubs (Hiroshima Process, Global Partnership on AI) are considered. It is concluded that despite the mass of solutions and documents being developed in multilateral formats, the «rules of the game» for AI developers and distributors lag behind the development of technologies in this area. It has been established that decisions taken at the multilateral level are not binding on subjects of the global economy, with the exception of regulatory acts of integration groupings. There has been an increase in the regulatory activity of international structures in recent years due to an increase in the level of commercialization of AI technologies, as well as innovative products produced using AI or containing it as an integral part. The role of multilateral regulation of AI in shaping global economic development trends is outlined.

Experimental legal regimes (hereinafter referred to as ELR) are a key link in the digital transformation of the economy, and also play an important role in the era of rapid technological transformation. The author has set the task to determine the functions of ELR in the context of the introduction of various innovations, evaluate their effectiveness and identify key obstacles to their implementation. The purpose of the work is to prepare recommendations on the development of ELR in the Russian Federation and the formation of guarantees for their participants in order to spread legal norms throughout the country, which, in turn, will contribute to the further development of digital technologies. To this end, an in-depth analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating various ELR, judicial practice, and the current ELR were conducted. The main research methods used were comparative legal analysis, a systematic approach, statistical data processing and the casual study of court decisions. The database of initial data for the study includes Federal laws and other by-laws, reports on the implementation of the ELR, materials of judicial practice and other statistical data. The study confirmed the effectiveness of ELR in reducing bureaucratic barriers and stimulating innovation. At the same time, systemic problems have also been identified, such as the «framework» of the regimes, legal uncertainty at their completion, and lack of guarantees for participants at their completion. It is concluded that it is necessary to introduce investment insurance, the abolition of time and territorial restrictions in regulating successful experiments, as well as tax benefits for ELR participants. The research results can be used by legislative and executive authorities to improve the legal system, reduce risks when testing new legal norms in the context of digital transformation and attract investment in new innovative projects.