In the context of the increasing role of the state as a subject of market relations, fiscal instruments affecting the economy are expanding as a result of changes in the amount of expenditures or revenues of the state budget, which determines the relevance of the problem considered in the article concerning the formation of a tax expenditure management system. The subject of the study is functioning of the tax expenditure management system in the state in the form of falling revenues of the budget system of the Russian Federation due to the provision of tax benefits, exemptions and other preferences for taxes, fees, customs payments, insurance premiums. The purpose of the work is to systematize theoretical and methodological approaches to the formation of a tax expenditure management system by following the fundamental principles of its formation, identifying and overcoming methodological problems of applying the concept of tax expenditures, in respect of which their assessment and determination of their list for the next financial year and planning period and possible directions of its formation are required. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the substantiation of methodological approaches to the formation of a tax expense management system and the definition of its specific features. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the tax expense management system determines the need to improve the methods of accounting, systematization, evaluation, monitoring and control. To determine the meaningful characteristics of these methods, it is advisable to follow the established principles for making decisions on the inclusion of specific tax expenditures in the annually approved list and ensuring the effectiveness of the entire management system in relation to public legal entities.

The subject of the study is the progress of technological modernization in China, the USA and European countries. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the strengthening of global technological competition and the activation of scientific and technical policy as the main direction of modernization in the world, i.e. the process of updating political, economic and social systems in accordance with the needs of the time.

The article analyzes the main provisions of the “Made in China 2025” program, shows the results and further initiatives of the CPC for the development of science and innovation. The data on contradictory external assessments of this program are presented.

It has been established that the rapid growth of global competitiveness of Chinese manufacturers, imbalances in foreign trade flows in Western countries, and the threat to the leadership of the United States and the European Union in the latest areas of technological development required developed countries to adopt retaliatory economic modernization programs.

Based on extensive statistics on the progress of scientific and technological development published by the OECD and the European Union, a comparison of indicators of the level and dynamics of the development of research and development (R&D) in industry and country sections was carried out, the leading role of information technology companies was shown, ways to counter the EU and the United States to the “Chinese threat” were considered.

Based on the analysis, conclusions are drawn about the prospects of global technological competition and the need to revise traditional ideas about the creation of new technologies.

The subject of the study is the current state of digitalization of the financial sector in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the work is to establish prospects for the development of the regulatory framework for the digitalization of the financial sector in conjunction with activities to ensure the achievement of national economic development goals of the country.

The article reveals the debatable nature of the conceptual apparatus reflecting the digital transformation of the economy, characterizes various approaches to the meaningful content of the terminology of digitalization of the financial sector.

Based on information sources, the progressive nature of the increase in spending on the development of the digital economy has been determined. The analysis of the degree of digitalization of the financial sector is carried out. The positive dynamics of Russian financial sector organizations switching to the use of software innovations, digital data protection technologies and encryption tools has been established. The priorities of digitalization development in the context of achieving the national goals of economic development of Russia are determined. The urgency of the need to create a multidisciplinary legal framework as a reliable basis for continuing the systemic digital transformation of the financial sector has been confirmed. The regulatory documents in force and in the process of public discussion are considered, intended for the legal regulation of the digitalization process in the financial sector of the economy. The directions of improving the work on the legal support of the financial sector are substantiated: data protection, the introduction of the digital ruble, SupTech, RegTech technologies, etc. Conclusions are drawn on the expediency of intensifying research in order to accumulate substantive information for the development of regulatory tools and operational decision-making in the field of legal regulation of financial sector institutions in conjunction with activities to achieve national goals of economic development of the Russian Federation.

The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the instruments of the stock and futures markets are currently considered by the population as an attractive alternative to traditional investments in bank deposits. This category of investors, which ten years ago did not have any noticeable weight on stock and futures markets, is gradually turning into active participants in the securities market, capable not only of ensuring the efficiency of the Russian economy, but also of overcoming market risks.

The subject of the study is the activity of retail investors in the domestic financial market during the period of tightening anti — Russian sanctions. The purpose of the work is to consider the specifics of citizens’ investment behavior, identify the main trends of the current period and factors contributing to the further development of the investor protection system and increase citizens’ confidence in financial markets. The article identifies the peculiarities of the development of the retail segment of the domestic market in the period 2022–2023, and on this basis it is concluded that the sanctions regime has caused significant damage to the Russian financial market, however, the degree of impact of the negative processes constraining its development turned out to be less significant than predicted by most researchers. The continuation of the regulator’s work in terms of developing additional measures to protect investors’ rights and improve financial culture, coupled with the implementation of initiatives by trade organizers and the professional community, will make it possible to counteract the spread of unfair trading and marketing practices, improve the investment climate in the country, and strengthen the confidence of private investors in financial market instruments and institutions.

The relevance of the article is due to Russia’s desire to counteract the sanctions imposed by the United States and its satellites and rely on its own financial and economic resources. The subjects of the research are the policy of import substitution and its impact on the modernization of the country’s transport complex. The purpose of the work is to identify key problems and promising areas for the implementation of import substitution policy in high–tech sectors of the economy as factors of sustainable development and modernization of the Russian transport complex.

It is noted that in order to achieve this goal, it is advisable to use an import substitution policy in high-tech industries, which are characterized by a high intensity of internal costs for research and development, a large proportion of workers with higher education, as well as higher innovation activity. It is determined that at present the modernization of the transport complex is largely determined by the development of high-tech sectors of the economy. The interrelation of sustainable economic development and the results of import substitution is substantiated, problems and promising areas of import substitution policy in high-tech sectors of the Russian economy are identified, and the degree of influence of import substitution policy on the development of the Russian transport complex is assessed. The expediency of forming responsible production has been established, which minimizes the negative impact of the activities of economic activities on the environment and allows to prevent the technological lag of the national economy and serves as the basis for the modernization of the transport complex through the use of domestic equipment and vehicles for the development primarily of aviation, rail, water and road transport.

The subject of the study is the state of accidents in the transport sector of the economy of the Russian Federation.

The objectives of the work are to put forward proposals to improve the methodology for assessing accidents and damage at enterprises in the transport sector and to identify new types of accidents that occur in transport as a result of changes in technologies, processes and social conditions, in order to establish optimal ways to reduce the damage caused. The difference in the interpretation of the concepts of “accident rate” and “damage” in transport has been revealed.

The practical significance of the study lies in the compilation of a typology of accidents, which makes it possible to plan a number of planned preventive measures and thereby prevent the onset of economic damage.

The methodology of accident assessment at transport enterprises is characterized. The causes of the accident of transport systems have been established. Measures aimed at reducing accidents have been identified, contributing to improving the reliability of transport systems and increasing the efficiency of their operation. When assessing the nature of accidents, local and regional aspects of the use of transport systems are taken into account, determining their current state and readiness for use. The author’s classification of accidents is given.

Conclusions are drawn about the need to introduce a single comprehensive program of anti-accident measures for each individual transport sector.

The subject of the study is the sphere of cross–border payments as a factor in the restoration of Russian foreign trade in the face of sanctions pressure from Western countries. The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the fact that in order to accelerate economic growth, an early recovery of export volumes and preservation of import volumes are required, which, among other things, encounter problems in settlements with foreign counterparties, solved through the digital transformation of the financial sector and the use of new payment mechanisms to alleviate pressure on Russia and its trading partners. The purpose of the work is to assess the current state of the use of digital financial assets in cross–border settlements with friendly jurisdictions. The article finds that in 2022–2023, the volume of Russian imports and exports underwent significant fluctuations due to the reconfiguration of Russian foreign trade to the markets of Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. At the same time, the need to create a safe and effective payment mechanism protected from the negative impact of primary and secondary sanctions came to the fore. The key problems in the field of international payments have become the disconnection of the largest Russian banks from SWIFT and the large-scale blocking of correspondent accounts of Russian banks by foreign counterparties, which can be overcome through the use of cross-border settlements through such instruments as digital financial assets, cryptocurrency, and digital currencies of central banks. However, it is concluded that in the presence of a well-formed legislative framework and obvious potential to mitigate sanctions pressure, the use of new payment mechanisms is difficult due to the lack of necessary regulatory and/or infrastructure solutions.

The subject of the study is the special economic zones of Russia (SEZ) under the conditions of sanctions imposed by the countries of the collective West. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the possibilities of the SEZ in terms of increasing the potential of internal sources of economic growth that contribute to ensuring technological sovereignty and innovative development, as well as the formation of a supply — side economy. It is shown that the state is interested in creating SEZs as sources of new industries and jobs, including in new territories of Russia. The potential for economic recovery of Russian regions applying a preferential economic cooperation regime is noted, similar to the effect obtained from the activities of China’s special economic zones, which ensure employment growth and poverty reduction of the local population. It has been established that among the Russian SEZs, industrial production and technical implementation zones prevail, which are in demand and effective, despite the sanctions against the Russian economy. It has been revealed that private investors in the SEZ of Russia are mainly domestic residents due to the introduction of a sanctions ban on foreign residents, overcome through the use of offshore zones that allow foreign businesses to invest capital in the Russian economy. Conclusions are drawn about the need for state support for SEZs in Russia.

Currently, there is an opinion that business organizations, originally designed to make a profit, become something more than just economic entities, and turn into a part of society itself and its environment. Their actions are already having an impact on the quality of life of people, the ecosystem of the planet, and the international geopolitical agenda is beginning to depend on the largest companies. However, until now, such a concept as corporate social responsibility is considered a separate strategic approach to doing business, a way to increase corporate awareness, and not as a necessary new time embodiment of the principle of widespread use of management skills aimed not only at making a profit, but also at comprehensive, systematic and integrated sustainable development of the world, to ensure sustainable development of business and society as a whole. The subject of the research is corporate social responsibility as the dominant factor of sustainable development of society. The purpose of the work is to establish the degree of influence of large business on global social processes and the Earth’s ecosystem. The arguments on the need for ethical practice as an area of regulation of corporate activities aimed at improving working conditions, customer orientation, as well as the use of technological processes that do not have a negative impact on the biological diversity of the planet and the social agenda are considered. A retrospective of the evolution of theoretical views on the role and place of business responsibility to society and its impact on sustainable development is presented. It is concluded that in the era of the Anthropocene, the implementation of the concept of corporate social responsibility will not only serve as a mechanism for forming a positive image of business organizations, staff development, reducing financial risks, but also contribute to meeting the expectations of society and meet its needs.

The subject of the study is the accelerated technical and economic development of Russia in order to achieve national goals, which requires the creation of a special mechanism for the formation and implementation of investment projects within the framework of public administration. Simultaneously with technical, technological and economic development, the requirements of the green economy must be fulfilled, which are specified using ESG criteria. The aim of the work is to improve the rating of companies through effective investments while simultaneously implementing projects aimed at technical infrastructure renovation.

The result of the work was the creation of an economic and mathematical model that allows you to choose projects aimed at increasing the ESG rating of companies and implementing technical updates, including import substitution with domestic analogues or the implementation of technical and technological innovations. Based on an overview of a wide range of methods and algorithms for finding solutions to an optimal set of projects within the framework of a mathematical programming model with Boolean variables, it is proposed to use a modification of the Faure and Malgrange method, the algorithm of which is given in the text of the article.

The conclusions are drawn that the generated model and the given algorithm are a flexible tool that allows you to obtain a set of projects that require minimal investment within the limits of restrictions on the indicators of technical renewal of the company and the values of ESG criteria for different companies and using a different number of criteria.

The subject of the study is the relationship between Russian regions and the federal center based on the analysis of the degree of effectiveness of subsidies provided to them from the federal budget. The purpose of the work is to establish the expediency of expanding the legal framework of the subjects of the Russian Federation to solve their demographic and economic problems and ensure sustainable growth. The influence of partial financing of national projects on solving demographic and economic problems is considered, and the need to take into account the peculiarities of the region in conducting regional policy is shown. The concept of a “chronically lagging region” has been introduced. It is shown that by reducing the supermortality of men of working age, compensation for more than 80% of the population loss is possible. The reduction of male supermortality in Russia has been identified as a priority task of financial, budgetary and health policy. It is noted that the differentiation of the population by wealth in poor regions is greater than the national average. It is concluded that in Russian statistics it is necessary to identify metropolitan statistical areas that do not coincide with the existing metropolitan statistical area, on the basis of which the growth of large cities takes place. Initiatives have been put forward to hold annual negotiations between federal and regional governments on the size of transfers and to reconsider the consideration of a healthy environment as a national and territorial, and not only as a global public good.

The relatively high growth rates of GDP and real incomes of the population compared to other Asian countries, combined with the ongoing policy of industrialization and urbanization, make India one of the most attractive markets for commodities. At the same time, India is characterized by extremely low levels of motorization and per capita consumption of many goods and services, including plastic products, which determines the potential for growth in consumption of primary energy sources.

Due to the progressive increase in per capita GDP in India, the poverty level is decreasing, stimulating an increase in the number of relatively well-off citizens and, as a result, the consumption of electricity, petroleum products and other energy sources.

However, due to the small reserves of fossil resources, India is in dire need of them, mainly oil and gas. Among the key areas of its economy are the oil and gas production and oil and gas processing industries.

The subject of the study is India’s energy policy, in particular its oil and gas market. The aim of the work is to establish prospects for cooperation between Russia and India due to the fact that the latter is a fast–growing economy and is an expanding market for fossil fuels for the needs of households and industry. The article identifies the peculiarities of the development of the fuel and energy sector of India, and establishes its energy needs. India’s energy policy has been reviewed in the light of the implementation of the Paris Climate Agreement, its oil and gas reserves have been identified and directions for possible diversification of their supplies have been predicted.

It is concluded that due to the sanctions imposed on Russian companies and the need to diversify the supply of natural resources, foreign economic cooperation with India is of particular interest to Russia.

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that despite the fact that Part 2 of Article 5 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1947), which is an integral part of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT 1994), provides for freedom of transit, it is significantly limited at present due to the difficult geopolitical situation in violation of the rights of WTO members. This situation causes a sense of social anxiety among the public, primarily because, as a result of the international division of labor, the development of both global and national economies largely depends on the rule of law governing the transit movement of goods, services, capital and technology. For this reason, simplifying the transit procedure or ensuring its freedom is one of the main conditions for improving people’s living standards, increasing employment and significantly increasing real incomes of the population. The subject of the study is the norms of international and national law in the field of ensuring freedom of international transit. The purpose of the work is to establish the role and importance of the WTO in national legal systems in which measures are taken and applied that are directly opposite to the WTO regulations. The study examines the specifics of the interpretation and application of WTO law, which do not allow exemption from liability in case of restriction and prohibition of transit through contracting States through the operation of certain acts of domestic or international law. It is concluded that, despite the once achieved victory of internationalism over nationalism in the field of international trade, the introduction of unilateral pressure measures restricting freedom of transit indicates the predominance of the latter in this area, which hinders the effective development of the world economy in the conditions of modern megatrends.

The subject of the study is preferential tax regimes as a factor in fulfilling the task of attracting investments in the innovative development of Russia. The purpose of the work is to justify its deepening and expansion in conditions of macroeconomic instability, external challenges and sanctions pressure, accompanied by a significant correction of such a method of attracting investments and solving problems of achieving technological sovereignty as the use of mechanisms and instruments of a preferential nature. The object of the study is fiscal instruments aimed at stimulating investment in industrial development through the use of effective innovations related to the creation and functioning of various preferential tax regimes. The research methodology is based on the theory of economic development, the place and role of tax instruments in achieving the technological sovereignty of the country. At the same time, tax preferences are considered as a broader concept than tax benefits. It is concluded that, despite the indirect impact of tax instruments, their combination and complexity of application with other economic measures of influence on the business process make it possible to achieve the tasks set. At the same time, attention is drawn to the fragmentation of decisions taken, which leads to the impossibility of effective application of such organizational forms of preferences as special economic zones/special economic zones (SEZ), regional investment projects (RIPS), special investment contracts (SPIC), agreements on the protection and promotion of investments. The targeted nature of the preferences provided as part of the recognition of the multilevel structuring of tax regulation is designed to take into account regional specifics and the needs of the development of key industries in order for the country to achieve technological sovereignty.

The subject of the study is ensuring economic growth through tax optimization while using the potential of the oil industry.

The purpose of the work is to substantiate the improvement of tax mechanisms in the oil industry to stimulate the economic growth of the Russian Federation.

The problems of the formation of the tax potential of oil are analyzed, including through the involvement of tax reserves of the shadow sector of oil production and refining, as well as the replenishment of oil reserves on the state balance of mineral reserves.

The main attention in the article is paid to the analysis of the oil accounting procedure and the establishment of the reliability of indicators characterizing the tax potential of the oil industry, the amount of the tax burden and the factors that influence its formation. A trend has been identified confirming the gradual occupation of stable positions by the additional income tax within the framework of ensuring stable budget revenues and its gradual replacement of the mineral extraction tax to ensure stable budget revenues in predictable conditions. It has been established that a complete and reliable accounting of petroleum raw materials for tax purposes is the most important condition for the economic development of the Russian Federation. Reserves of shadow turnover of oil and petroleum products have been identified. As a result of the study, proposals were made on the directions of tax regulation in the oil industry.

The subject of the study is the trends in the development and regulation of the financial market of the Russian Federation in order to achieve national economic development goals under the sanctions of unfriendly states.

The purpose of the work is to determine the theoretical and legal foundations of the regulatory impact of sanctions on the financial market based on a comprehensive analysis of the opinions of leading scientists and practitioners, representatives of the Russian judicial system, and the legal experience of other states, to analyze the most and least effective mechanisms for legal regulation of processes occurring in various sectors of the domestic financial market, to substantiate proposals for solving existing problems in the field of financial market regulation both at the national and international levels. The article defines the essence of international economic sanctions. The consequences of their introduction have been revealed. The ways of increasing the efficiency of digitalization of the financial market are substantiated. The most optimal way of forming the unified payment space of the EEC and the CIS has been determined as one of the directions for achieving the national development goals of the Russian Federation in the field of digital transformation.

Conclusions are drawn that at present there is a need to correct the current banking legislation, as well as to establish new areas of interaction with countries that continue mutually beneficial economic cooperation with the Russian Federation within the framework of interstate integration associations.