<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">etl</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономика. Налоги. Право</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economics, taxes &amp; law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1999-849X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1474</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26794/1999-849X-2023-16-3-128-137</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">etl-119</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАЛОГИ И НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TAXES AND TAXATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экономико-аналитический подход к оценке налоговых рисков отсутствия фактического права на доход</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>An Economic and Analytical Approach to Assessing the Tax Risks of the Absence of an Actual Right to Income</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-6567</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полежарова</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polezharova</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Полежарова Людмила Владимировна — доктор экономических наук, доцент, профессор департамента налогов и налогового администрирования, Финансовый университет, советник государственной гражданской службы Российской Федерации 1-го класса, Почетный работник Министерства Российской Федерации по налогам и сборам, член Международной налоговой ассоциации IFA.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ludmila V. Polezharova — Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Assoc. Prof.; Department of Taxes and Tax Administration, Financial University, Advisor to the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation, 1st Class, Honorary Employee of the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of the Russian Federation, member of the International Tax Association IFA.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">LVPolezharova@fa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-9609</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Разу</surname><given-names>С. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Razu</surname><given-names>S. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Разу Семен Борисович — консультант по вопросам налогообложения группы международного консультирования ООО «Технологии Доверия — Консультирование».</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Semen B. Razu — tax consultant of the international consulting group LLC “Technologies of Trust – Consulting”.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">semen.razu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Финансовый университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Financial University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>128</fpage><lpage>137</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Полежарова Л.В., Разу С.Б., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Полежарова Л.В., Разу С.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Polezharova L.V., Razu S.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://etl.fa.ru/jour/article/view/119">https://etl.fa.ru/jour/article/view/119</self-uri><abstract><p>Предмет исследования — зависимость юрисдикции расположения материнских компаний российских организаций от объема доначислений по налогу на прибыль организаций, удерживаемому у источника в России, при контроле фактического права на доход (ФПД) иностранной организации. Цель работы — выработка предложений по управлению налоговыми рисками при определении ФПД. В статье во взаимосвязи с анализом динамики прямых иностранных инвестиций из России проанализированы информация об изменениях сумм уплаченного налога на прибыль организаций при выплате пассивных доходов иностранным получателям, а также данные об объемах доначисленного налога при контроле статуса ФПД. В результате анализа судебных решений по признаку «географии» бенефициарных собственников доходов из российского источника установлена взаимосвязь юрисдикции регистрации материнских компаний налогоплательщиков и среднего объема доначислений налога на прибыль организаций вследствие несоответствия статусу ФПД. Сделан вывод о том, что в преобладающем большинстве налоговых споров о статусе ФПД иностранные компании — получатели доходов признавались судами кондуитными, созданными с целью использования преимуществ регистрации в низконалоговых юрисдикциях и злоупотребления положениями международных налоговых договоров. Выявлено, что на протяжении последних семи лет причиной оттока капитала из страны было стремление налогоплательщиков к снижению эффективной налоговой ставки путем вывода прибылей в низконалоговые юрисдикции.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The subject of the study is the identification by the tax authorities of the dependence of the jurisdiction of the location of the parent companies of Russian organizations on the amount of additional charges for corporate income tax withheld at source in Russia, while controlling the actual right to income (FPA) of a foreign organization. The purpose of the work is to develop proposals for tax risk management in determining the FPA. The article, in conjunction with the analysis of the dynamics of foreign direct investment from Russia, analyzes information on changes in the amounts of corporate income tax paid when paying passive income to foreign recipients, as well as data on the amount of additional tax when monitoring the status of the FPA. As a result of the analysis of court decisions on the basis of the «geography» of the beneficial owners of income from the Russian source, the relationship between the jurisdiction of registration of parent companies of taxpayers and the average amount of additional corporate income tax due to non-compliance with the status of the FPA was established. It is concluded that in the overwhelming majority of tax disputes on the status of the FPA, foreign companies — recipients of income were recognized by the courts as conduit companies created to take advantage of registration in low-tax jurisdictions and abuse the provisions of international tax treaties. It was revealed that over the past seven years, the reason for the outflow of capital from the country was the desire of taxpayers to reduce the effective tax rate by withdrawing profits to low-tax jurisdictions, in which large firms prefer Singapore for structuring cash flows in most cases.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>налоговое администрирование</kwd><kwd>юрисдикция</kwd><kwd>налог на прибыль организаций</kwd><kwd>фактическое право на доход</kwd><kwd>бенефициарный собственник</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tax administration</kwd><kwd>jurisdiction</kwd><kwd>corporate income tax</kwd><kwd>actual right to income</kwd><kwd>beneficial owner</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cervantes M. Interpreting the concept of beneficial ownership. Toronto: University of Toronto; 2009. 58 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cervantes M. Interpreting the concept of beneficial ownership. Toronto: University of Toronto; 2009. 58 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mithe A. Critical analysis of the principal purpose test and the limitation on benefits rule: a world divided but it takes two to tango. IBFD International Tax studies. World Tax Journal. 2020;12(1). URL: https://www.ibfd.org/shop/journal/critical-analysis-principal-purpose-test-and-limitation-benefits-rule-world-divided-it.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mithe A. Critical analysis of the principal purpose test and the limitation on benefits rule: a world divided but it takes two to tango. IBFD International Tax studies. World Tax Journal. 2020;12(1). URL: https://www.ibfd.org/shop/journal/critical-analysis-principal-purpose-test-and-limitation-benefits-rule-world-divided-it.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гузнова Е.А. Развитие концепции бенефициарного собственника в налоговом праве Российской Федерации. Актуальные проблемы российского права. 2019;(3):82–87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guznova E.A. The development of the concept of beneficial owner in the tax law of the Russian Federation. Aktualnye problemy rossiyskogo prava = Actual Problems of Russian Law. 2019;(3):82–87. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kryzhanovskaya Е. The beneficial owner concept in civil law countries of Sweden and Denmark. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing; 2015. 60 p. URL: https://www.perlego.com/book/3429177/beneficial-owner-concept-in-civil-law-countries-of-sweden-and-denmark-pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kryzhanovskaya Е. The beneficial owner concept in civil law countries of Sweden and Denmark. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing; 2015. 60 p. URL: https://www.perlego.com/book/3429177/beneficial-owner-concept-in-civil-law-countries-of-sweden-and-denmark-pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vogel Klaus. Double taxation conventions, third edition. a commentary to the OECD, UN and U. S. Model conventions for the avoidance of double taxation of income and capital, with particular reference to German treaty practice. Тhe Netherlands: Kluwer Law International; 1997. 1688 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vogel Klaus. Double taxation conventions, third edition. a commentary to the OECD, UN and U. S. Model conventions for the avoidance of double taxation of income and capital, with particular reference to German Treaty Practice. Тhe Netherlands: Kluwer Law International; 1997. 1688 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полежарова Л.В. Методология налогообложения и налогового администрирования транснациональных компаний и бенефициаров. М.: КНОРУС; 2022. 400 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polezharova L.V. Methodology of taxation and tax administration of transnational companies and beneficiaries. Moscow: KNORUS; 2022. 400 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гончаренко Л.И., Адвокатова А.С., Алексеевич Б.А. Идентификация обязанности фиксации расчетов в системе налоговых правоотношений. Экономика. Налоги. Право. 2022;15(2):156–166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goncharenko L.I., Advocatova A.S., Alekseevich B.A. identification of the obligation to fix calculations in the system of tax relations. Ekonomika. Nalogi. Pravo. = Economics, taxes &amp; law. 2022;15(2):156–166. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Давнис В.В., Тинякова В.И. Основы эконометрического моделирования. Воронеж: АОНО «ИММиФ»; 2003. 155 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davnis V.V., Tinyakova V.I. Fundamentals of econometric modeling. Voronezh: AONO “IMMiF”; 2003. 155 р. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ахметшин Р.И. Фактическое право на доход: уроки ушедшего года. Налоговед.2022;(3):24–34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akhmetshin R.I. Beneficial ownership of income: last year’s lessons. Nalogoved = Tax specialist. 2022;(3):24–34. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаренкова Е.В. Тенденции развития концепции фактического права на доход в российской судебной практике. Налоги. 2020;(1):38–41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharenkova E.V. Development trends of the concept of actual income right in the russian judicial practice. Nalogi = Taxes. 2020;(1):38–41. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kosenkova Yu., Chernov S., Shestak V. Modern tax havens: the experience of European countries. Montenegrin Journal of Economics. 2022;18(4):61–70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosenkova Yu., Chernov S., Shestak V. Modern tax havens: the experience of european countries. Montenegrin Journal of Economics. 2022;18(4):61–70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полежарова Л.В., Разу С.Б. Устранение экономического двойного налогообложения дивидендов. Экономика. Налоги. Право. 2022;15(2):146–155.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polezharova L.V., Razu S.B. Еlimination of economic double taxation of dividends. Ekonomika. Nalogi. Pravo. = Economics, taxes &amp; law. 2022;15(2):146–155. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
